Item: Forecasting Shear Strength and Skier-Triggered Avalanches for Buried Surface Hoar Layers
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Title: Forecasting Shear Strength and Skier-Triggered Avalanches for Buried Surface Hoar Layers
Proceedings: 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, British Columbia
Authors:
- Thomas S. Chalmers [ Mt. Revelstoke and Glacier National Parks, Revelstoke, Canada ]
- J. Bruce Jamieson [ Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada ] [ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada ]
Date: 2002
Abstract: In the Columbia Mountains of western Canada, skier-triggered slab avalanches on weak layers of buried surface hoar occur mostly within the first 10 to 20 days after a layer is buried (e.g. Chalmers and Jamieson, 2001), and the transition of such layers from unstable to stable conditions is difficult for avalanche professionals to forecast. Schleiss and Schleiss (1970) introduced a snow Stability Ratio (Canadian Avalanche Association, 2002) based on shear frame tests of the weak layer, which has been used since c. 1960 at the Mount Fidelity study plot to extrapolate snowpack stability for natural avalanches in the Rogers Pass highway corridor. Fohn (1987) developed a stability index for skier triggering that was refined by Jamieson and Johnston (1998). When the index is based on shear frame tests in a study plot and extrapolated to surrounding avalanche slopes (average slope angle of38°), the index is denoted Sk38 (Jamieson, 1995). Jamieson (1995) converted Sk38 into an equivalent rutschblock score RBcalc.Over the winters 1995-2001, over 70 layers of buried surface hoar were monitored at study sites in the Columbia Mountains, using snow profiles and shear frame tests of surface hoar layers. The snowpack observations of this study were consistent with the guidelines of the Canadian Avalanche Association (2002), except for the thickness of a buried surface hoar layer, which was measured to the nearest millimeter. These sites were selected to be representative of the snowpack in surrounding avalanche starting zones. Within approximately 100 km of two sites, Mt. Fidelity and Mt. St. Anne, skier triggered avalanches and the critical weak layers were often reported by surrounding helicopter skiing operations (Figure 1).
Language of Article: English
Presenters: Unknown
Keywords: avalanche forecasting, snowpack stratigraphy, surface hoar, snow strength, snow stability
Page Number(s): 138-140
Subjects: avalanche forecasting shear strength skier-triggered avalanches
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Digital Abstract Not Available
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